Cell culture techniques have become vital to the study of animal cell structure, function and differentiation. Cell culture techniques are also important for the production of many important biological materials such as vaccines, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, interferons and nucleic acids. The majority of animal cells are anchorage-dependent and require attachment to a surface for their survival and replication.
For large-scale production an extensive surface is necessary for cell growth. Previously, the most popular methods for providing this surface involved multiple glass or plastic bottles. The surfaces available for growth were only those of the inside of the bottles. Such systems are labor intensive and require both a large amount of space and specific equipment handling. A further disadvantage in the bottle technique is the variation that can arise between different bottles within a batch since it is not practical to control pH, for example, in every bottle.
Finally, the risk for contamination increases as the number of units to handle increases.